JAX-RS vs. Spring for REST Endpoints

gowebing 2024-12-02

Need to decouple your web service and client? You’re probably using REST endpoints, and if you’re a Java shop, you’ve probably tried out JAX-RS, Spring REST, or both.But is one better than the other? In this post, I’ll go over the differences between the two using basically the same code for an apples-to-apples comparison. In future posts, I’ll show you how easy it is to secure these REST endpoints using Apache Shiro and Okta.

Lay Down the Foundation: Model and DAO

To keep things focused, I’ll leave the Maven dependencies out of this post. You can browse the full source on GitHub, the POM files should be self-explanatory: one for JAX-RS, another for Spring.

First up, we need to get the common bits out of the way. A simple model and DAO (Data Access Object]) will be used in all of the examples to register and manage Stormtrooper objects.

public class Stormtrooper {

    private String id;
    private String planetOfOrigin;
    private String species;
    private String type;

    public Stormtrooper() {
        // empty to allow for bean access
    }

    public Stormtrooper(String id, String planetOfOrigin, String species, String type) {
        this.id = id;
        this.planetOfOrigin = planetOfOrigin;
        this.species = species;
        this.type = type;
    }

    ...
    // bean accessor methods

The Stormtrooper object contains an id and a few other attributes: planetOfOrigin, species, and type.

The DAO interface is just as simple, with the basic CRUD methods and an additional list method:

public interface StormtrooperDao {

    Stormtrooper getStormtrooper(String id);

    Stormtrooper addStormtrooper(Stormtrooper stormtrooper);

    Stormtrooper updateStormtrooper(String id, Stormtrooper stormtrooper);

    boolean deleteStormtrooper(String id);

    Collection<Stormtrooper> listStormtroopers();
}

The actual implementation of the StormtrooperDao is not important for these examples, If you are interested, you can take a look at code for DefaultStormtrooperDao, which generates 50 random Stormtroopers.

Try Spring

Now that we have the common bits out of the way, we can get into the meat of our Spring example. A basic Spring Boot app doesn’t get much easier than this:

@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringBootApp {

    @Bean
    protected StormtrooperDao stormtrooperDao() {
        return new DefaultStormtrooperDao();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(SpringBootApp.class, args);
    }
}

There are a few things to point out:

The @SpringBootApplication annotation sets up Spring’s auto configuration and classpath scanning of components
@Bean binds an instance of DefaultStormtrooperDao to the StormtrooperDao interface
The main method starts the application uses the SpringApplication.run() helper method to bootstrap the application

Spring Controller

Next up, we have the implementation of our REST endpoint, or in the Spring world a Controller. We will use this class to map our DAO to incoming HTTP requests:

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/troopers")
public class StormtrooperController {

    private final StormtrooperDao trooperDao;

    @Autowired
    public StormtrooperController(StormtrooperDao trooperDao) {
        this.trooperDao = trooperDao;
    }

    @GetMapping
    public Collection<Stormtrooper> listTroopers() {
        return trooperDao.listStormtroopers();
    }

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public Stormtrooper getTrooper(@PathVariable("id") String id) throws NotFoundException {

        Stormtrooper stormtrooper = trooperDao.getStormtrooper(id);
        if (stormtrooper == null) {
            throw new NotFoundException();
        }
        return stormtrooper;
    }

    @PostMapping
    public Stormtrooper createTrooper(@RequestBody Stormtrooper trooper) {
        return trooperDao.addStormtrooper(trooper);
    }

    @PostMapping("/{id}")
    public Stormtrooper updateTrooper(@PathVariable("id") String id,
                                      @RequestBody Stormtrooper updatedTrooper) throws NotFoundException {
        return trooperDao.updateStormtrooper(id, updatedTrooper);
    }

    @DeleteMapping("/{id}")
    @ResponseStatus(value = HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT)
    public void deleteTrooper(@PathVariable("id") String id) {
        trooperDao.deleteStormtrooper(id);
    }
}

Let’s break this down:

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/troopers")
public class StormtroooperController {

The @RestController is a convenience annotation for both @Controller and @ResponseBody which marks this class as a web component discovered during classpath scanning. An @RequestMapping annotation at the the class level defines the base path mapping used for any other RequestMapping annotations in this class. In this case, all end points in this class will start with the URL path /troopers.

@PostMapping("/{id}")
public @ResponseBody Stormtrooper updateTrooper(@PathVariable("id") String id,
                                                @RequestBody Stormtrooper updatedTrooper) throws NotFoundException {
    return trooperDao.updateStormtrooper(id, updatedTrooper);
}

The PostMapping is a POST alias for the @RequestMapping annotation which has many options, this example uses a small subset:

path = "/{id}" used in conjunction with @PathVariable("id") maps the {id} part of the URL path to the given method argument - Example URL: /troopers/FN-2187
value = HttpStatus.NO_CONTENT sets the expected HTTP response code, in this case a 204

Method parameters annotated with @RequestBody will be deserialize from the HTTP request before getting passed into the method. Return values are directly serialized to HTTP response using the @ResponseBody annotation (or simply by using @RestController), which will also bypass any MCV templates.

In this code block the updateTrooper() method accepts HTTP POST requests made to /trooper/{id} and contain a serialized Stormtrooper (JSON). If the request path was /troopers/FN-2187, the id portion of the path would be assigned to the method’s id parameter. An updated Stormtrooper object is returned and serialized to the HTTP response.

In the example above we are simply using a POST for both the create and update methods. To keep the example short and sweet, the DAO implementation doesn’t actually do partial updates, so this should actually be a PUT. Take a look at this blog post to read more about when to use PUT vs POST.

Run the Spring Example

To run this example, grab the source, change to the spring-boot directory, start the application using mvn spring-boot:run, make requests to the server.

To get a list of all the Stormtroopers just make a request to /troopers

$ curl http://localhost:8080/troopers

HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 08 Nov 2016 20:33:36 GMT
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X-Application-Context: application

[
    {
        "id": "FN-2187",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Unknown",
        "species": "Human",
        "type": "Basic"
    },
    {
        "id": "FN-0984",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Coruscant",
        "species": "Human",
        "type": "Aquatic"
    },
    {
        "id": "FN-1253",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Tatooine",
        "species": "Unidentified",
        "type": "Sand"
    },
    ...
]

To get a single Stormtrooper, use its ID:

$ curl http://localhost:8080/troopers/FN-2187

HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 08 Nov 2016 20:38:53 GMT
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X-Application-Context: application

{
    "id": "FN-2187",
    "planetOfOrigin": "Unknown",
    "species": "Human",
    "type": "Basic"
}

Pretty easy, right? Now you can stop the server with a Ctrl-C and move on to the next example.

Rinse and Repeat: JAX-RS

We’ll use the same model and DAO for the JAX-RS example, all we’re going to change is the annotations on the StormtroooperController class.

Since JAX-RS is an API spec you need to pick an implementation, we will use Jersey for this example. While it’s possible to create a JAX-RS application with no direct dependencies on a specific JAX-RS implementation, it would make for a more verbose example.

I picked Jersey for a couple reasons, mostly though it was because I already knew how get simple dependency injection working without jumping through any hoops, we are comparing this to Spring after all. Apache Shiro has an example that runs the same code on Jersey, RestEasy, and Apache CXF, if you’re interested in seeing a portable example.

This example also differs a bit from the Spring Boot one in that this example is packaged as a WAR, and Spring Boot was a single JAR. Packing this example in an executable jar is possible, but outside the scope of this post

A JAX-RS equivalent to a SpringBootApplication is an Application class. A Jersey subclass of Application, ResourceConfig, adds a few handy utility methods. The following snippet configures classpath scanning to detect our individual resource classes, and bind a DefaultStormtrooperDao instance to the StromtrooperDao interface.

@ApplicationPath("/")
public class JaxrsApp extends ResourceConfig {

    public JaxrsApp() {

        // scan the resources package for our resources
        packages(getClass().getPackage().getName() + ".resources");

        // use @Inject to bind the StormtrooperDao
        register(new AbstractBinder() {
            @Override
            protected void configure() {
                bind(stormtrooperDao()).to(StormtrooperDao.class);
            }
        });
    }

    private StormtrooperDao stormtrooperDao() {
        return new DefaultStormtrooperDao();
    }
}

One other thing to point out, in the above class the @ApplicationPath annotation marks this class as a JAX-RS Application bound to a specific url path, in our case to match the Spring example above we will just use the root path: /. Each resource detected in the resources package will be appended to this base path.

The JAX-RS resource implementation looks very similar to the Spring version above (renamed to StormtroooperResource, to match naming conventions):

@Path("/troopers")
@Produces("application/json")
public class StormtroooperResource {

    @Inject
    private StormtrooperDao trooperDao;

    @Path("/{id}")
    @GET
    public Stormtrooper getTrooper(@PathParam("id") String id) throws NotFoundException {

        Stormtrooper stormtrooper = trooperDao.getStormtrooper(id);
        if (stormtrooper == null) {
            throw new NotFoundException();
        }
        return stormtrooper;
    }

    @POST
    public Stormtrooper createTrooper(Stormtrooper trooper) {
        return trooperDao.addStormtrooper(trooper);
    }

    @Path("/{id}")
    @POST
    public Stormtrooper updateTrooper(@PathParam("id") String id,
                                      Stormtrooper updatedTrooper) throws NotFoundException {
        return trooperDao.updateStormtrooper(id, updatedTrooper);
    }

    @Path("/{id}")
    @DELETE
    public void deleteTrooper(@PathParam("id") String id) {
        trooperDao.deleteStormtrooper(id);
    }

    @GET
    public Collection<Stormtrooper> listTroopers() {
        return trooperDao.listStormtroopers();
    }
}

To break down this example a bit, we first have the class deceleration:

@Path("/troopers")
@Produces("application/json")
public class StormtroooperResource {

Similar to the Spring example above the @Path at the class level means each annotated method in this class will be under the /troopers base path. The @Producesannotation defines the default response content type (unless overridden by an annotation on another method).

Unlike the Spring example where an @RequestMapping annotation defined the path, method, and other attributes of the request, in a JAX-RS resource each attribute uses a separate annotation. Similar to above if we break down the updateTrooper() method:

@Path("/{id}")
@POST
public Stormtrooper updateTrooper(@PathParam("id") String id,
                                  Stormtrooper updatedTrooper) throws NotFoundException {
    return trooperDao.updateStormtrooper(id, updatedTrooper);
}

We see that @Path("/{id}") along with @PathParam("id") allows the id portion of the path to be translated into a method argument. What differs from the Spring example, is that the Stromtrooper parameter and return value do not need extra annotations, they are automatically serialized/deserialized into JSON due to the @Produces("application/json") annotation on this class.

Run the JAX-RS Example

This example can be started from the jersey directory, using the maven command: mvn jetty:run.

Making the same two requests as above, we can list all of the troopers with a GET request to the base resource:

$ curl http://localhost:8080/troopers

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 3944
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Tue, 08 Nov 2016 21:57:55 GMT
Server: Jetty(9.3.12.v20160915)

[
    {
        "id": "FN-2187",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Unknown",
        "species": "Human",
        "type": "Basic"
    },
    {
        "id": "FN-0064",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Naboo",
        "species": "Nikto",
        "type": "Sand"
    },
    {
        "id": "FN-0069",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Hoth",
        "species": "Twi'lek",
        "type": "Basic"
    },
    {
        "id": "FN-0169",
        "planetOfOrigin": "Felucia",
        "species": "Kel Dor",
        "type": "Jump"
    },

    ...

Or again to a GET to a specific resource:

$ curl http://localhost:8080/troopers/FN-2187

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 81
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Tue, 08 Nov 2016 22:00:02 GMT
Server: Jetty(9.3.12.v20160915)

{
    "id": "FN-2187",
    "planetOfOrigin": "Unknown",
    "species": "Human",
    "type": "Basic"
}

Now we have seen basically the same code run in both Spring and JAX-RS applications by simply changing the annotations. I like the JAX-RS annotations better, they’re more concise. That said, why choose between the two? Jersey and RestEasy both support Spring (along with Guice and CDI/Weld). Let’s create a third example combining the two

JAX-RS and Spring: So Happy Together

For this example, we need three classes: a Spring Boot application, Jersey configuration, and our resource.

Our SpringBootApp and StormtrooperResource classes are identical to the previous versions, the only difference being the Jersey configuration class:

@Component
public class JerseyConfig extends ResourceConfig {

    public JerseyConfig() {

        // scan the resources package for our resources
        packages(getClass().getPackage().getName() + ".resources");
    }
}

This class is a bit slimmer than the previous example. First, you probably noticed the @Configuration annotation which is used to mark this class managed by Spring. All that is left, is to instruct Jersey to scan the resources package again, the rest is handled for you (see what I did there?!).

From the spring-jaxrs directory, this example can be started with the same mvn spring-boot:run command.

Spring to JAX-RS Cheat Sheet

To help you navigate between the world of Spring and JAX-RS here is a quick cheat sheet. This is not an exhaustive list, but it does include the most common annotations.

Spring Annotation	JAX-RS Annotation
@RequestMapping(path = “/troopers”	@Path(“/troopers”)
@PostMapping	@POST
@PutMapping	@PUT
@GetMapping	@GET
@DeleteMapping	@DELETE
@ResponseBody	N/A
@RequestBody	N/A
@PathVariable(“id”)	@PathParam(“id”)
@RequestParam(“xyz”)	@QueryParam(‘xyz”)
@RequestParam(value=”xyz”)	@FormParam(“xyz”)
@RequestMapping(produces = {“application/json”})	@Produces(“application/json”)
@RequestMapping(consumes = {“application/json”})	@Consumes(“application/json”)

When Should You Use JAX-RS over Spring Rest?

In my opinion, it breaks down like this:

If you’re already a Spring shop, just use Spring. If you’re creating an object JSON / XML REST layer, JAX-RS resources backed by the DI framework of your choice (Spring, Guice, etc.) might be the way to go. Rendering pages server side is not part of the JAX-RS spec (though it is supported with extensions). I hacked up a Thymeleaf view for Jersey once, but I think Spring MVC takes the cake here.

Now, comparing a Spring Boot application and a WAR packaged application isn’t exactly comparing apples to apples. Dropwizard (which uses an embedded Jetty container and Jersey) is probably the closest thing to a Spring Boot app. Hopefully, this post gave you a bit more background so you can do your own comparison. If you have any questions hit me up on Twitter @briandemers!