Testing the Hibernate Layer With Docker

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This article was updated in March 2023 for Java 17, Hibernate 6, JUnit 5, and Testcontainers 1.17.6.

Have you ever felt the need to write unit tests for your persistence layer? We know logic doesn’t belong there. It should just do some CRUD operations and nothing more. But in reality, some kind of logic can be found in most persistence layers. Some use heavy native SQL, while others make use of the Criteria API, which is test-worthy because of its complex syntax.

We are all writing unit tests for the service layer but the persistence layer, in contrast, is rarely tested as it is more complicated to test SQL or JPQL... or any other QL’es.

An Example

One example of logic that better be tested is the following. This is a trivial example which may be far more complex in reality. I’ll use this to demonstrate how to test persistence-related code.

Java
  
/**
 * Resets the login count for other users than root and admin.
 */
public void resetLoginCountForUsers() {
   Query query = entityManager.createQuery(
                   "UPDATE User SET loginCount=0 WHERE username NOT IN ('root', 'admin')");
   query.executeUpdate();
}


Previously in Our Toolbox

In the past, there were several approaches to testing the persistence layer:

New Kid on the Block: TestContainers

Testcontainers for Java is a Java library that supports JUnit tests, providing lightweight, throwaway instances of common databases, Selenium web browsers, or anything else that can run in a Docker container. [testcontainers.org]

This library starts a Docker container, which contains any database you like. Your tests get a connection to that database, and you can start inserting your test data per each single unit test.

This is what the test looks like. The data model is already inserted (by persistence.xml, see below), the test inserts its test data by DbUnit (line 3), calls the persistence layer method (line 8), and makes the assertions (lines 15-17). The transactions have to be managed by hand (lines 7, 9) as we have no container which is doing this for us. To make this more convenient, the transaction management can be wrapped in a method and a lambda function, like runWithTransaction(() -> userRepository.resetLoginCountForUsers());

Java
  
@Test
void testResetLoginCountForUsers() {
   DockerDatabaseTestUtil.insertDbUnitTestdata(
     entityManager, 
     getClass().getResourceAsStream("/testdata.xml));

   entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
   userRepository.resetLoginCountForUsers();
   entityManager.getTransaction().commit();

   User rootUser = userRepository.findByUsername("root");
   User adminUser = userRepository.findByUsername("admin");
   User user = userRepository.findByUsername("user");

   assertEquals(5, rootUser.getLoginCount());
   assertEquals(3, adminUser.getLoginCount());
   assertEquals(0, user.getLoginCount()); // PREVIOUSLY WAS 1
}


Using TestContainers

First, the persistence.xml is prepared to use a special driver that comes with the JDBC module of TestContainers.

Java
  
<properties>
  <property 
    name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.driver"
    value="org.testcontainers.jdbc.ContainerDatabaseDriver"/>
  <property 
    name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.url"
    value="jdbc:tc:mysql:5.7://xxx/test?TC_INITSCRIPT=DDL.sql"/>
</properties>


The driver org.testcontainers.jdbc.ContainerDatabaseDriver is registered in the JDBC module. It evaluates thejdbc.url to start the right docker image. In this case, mysql:5.7. The suffix ?TC_INITSCRIPT=DDL.sql initializes the database with the DB model. There are also other ways to initialize the database (see below).

The initialization is triggered by Hibernate with the creation of the EntityManager in the test:

Java
  
EntityManager em = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("TestUnit").createEntityManager();


This will make Hibernate parse the persistence.xml and look up the JDBC driver, which triggers TestContainers to start the MySQL Docker container. (The database’s port is exposed on a random port.) The resulting EntityManager is pointing to the started and initialized Docker container and can be used:

Java
  
class UserTest {
   EntityManager entityManager = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("TestPU").createEntityManager();

   @Test
   void testSaveAndLoad() {
      User user = new User();
      user.setUsername("user 1");

      entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
      entityManager.persist(user);
      entityManager.getTransaction().commit();

      User userFromDb = entityManager.find(User.class, user.getId());
      assertEquals(user.getUsername(), userFromDb.getUsername());
   }
}


The complete test class is here: UserTest

The complete test from the beginning, which calls the repository, is here: UserRepositoryTest

Different Ways To Insert the Data Model and Test Data

There are several ways to get your data model and test data into the database.

My favorite is to insert the DDL via the persistence.xml and then let every test case insert its own data by DbUnit.

You can find the complete code examples on GitHub.

What’s Next

Was this article useful for you? Please share your thoughts in the comments. Follow my account, and you will be notified about my upcoming article on using TestContainers to deploy to a Wildfly server running in a Docker container.

 

 

 

 

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